在Blender中创建完美的咖啡杯 Model the Perfect Cup of Italian Coffee in Blender

在Blender中创建完美的意大利咖啡杯 Model the Perfect Cup of Italian Coffee in Blender
By Filippo Veniero

Learn how to create a great Italian coffee using the open source software Blender, Gimp and Inkscape.
学习使用开源软件Blender, Gimp 和 Inkscape创建一个伟大的意大利咖啡杯
Introduction 介绍
Here in Italy (especially in Naples) a coffee break is one of the most important moments of the day. In this tutorial will show you how "prepare" a great Italian coffee using Blender, Gimp and other open source ingredients. You can download my Blender file here.
在意大利（尤其是在那不勒斯）这里喝杯咖啡休息一下是一天中最重要的时刻之一。在本教程将告诉你如何“准备”使用Blender​​， GIMP和其他开源软件创建伟大的意大利咖啡。您可以在这里下载我的Blender文件
Start by searching for some reference images (I used the coffee cups I have at home). If possible, go to an Italian bar and order an espresso. Take some photos at the cafe (from the top view) and you can use them as textures. Save the photos in a folder and open Blender.
首先寻找一些参考图像（我用家里的咖啡杯） 。如果可能的话，去意大利的酒吧并订购一个咖啡。拍些照片在咖啡馆（从俯视图），你可以用它们作为纹理。将照片保存在一个文件夹中，然后打开Blender

Step 1: Modeling the Cup 创建杯子模型
Delete the default cube and add a circle (16 sides). Next jump into Edit mode (Tab key), select all the vertices and extrude (E key) along the Z axis. Continue to extrude and scale until you obtain a coffee cup shape. Don't forget to model the inside of the cup.
删除默认的立方体，并添加了一个圆圈（ 16面） 。接下来跳进编辑模式（ Tab键） ，选择所有的顶点和沿Z轴挤压（E键）。继续挤压和缩放，直到你获得一个咖啡杯的形状。不要忘了杯子的内部模型。
Jump to Side view and select two quads on the side of the cup. Extrude and scale along the Y axis, rotating and closing the handle using the Bridge Two Edge Loops command (Ctrl + E).
切换到侧视图，并选择在杯子的一侧的两个四边形。沿Y轴挤压和缩放，旋转并使用桥接连个循环边命令(Ctrl + E)连接手柄。
In Object mode set the shading to Smooth and add a subsu***ce modifier.
在物体模式设置 shading 选项为Smooth并添加一个细分表面（subsu***ce）修改器。
The next task is modeling the coffee inside the cup. In Edit mode, select the vertices inside the cup, duplicate them (Shift + D) and then separate them (P key > By Selection). Close the top of this mesh using the Extrude and Scale commands.
接下来的任务就是模拟杯子里的咖啡。在编辑模式下，选择杯子里面的顶点，复制它们（按Shift + D） ，然后将它们分开（按P键>选择By Selection） 。使用挤出和缩放命令闭合该网格的顶部。

Step 2: Modeling the Saucer 碟子模型
Add a plane. Now add a Mirror modifier along the X and Y axes, before enabling the Clipping button. In this way we'll model only a quarter of the saucer.
添加一个平面物体。沿着X和Y轴添加一个镜像（Mirror）修改器，启用Clipping（裁剪）按钮。通过这种方式，我们创建的模型只是一个四方形的碟子。

In Edit mode, delete the extra vertex. Then, with the Knife tool, create the hollow for the cup and extrude just a little along the Z axis. Give thickness to the saucer using the Extrude and Scale commands, as shown in the image.
在编辑模式，删除多余的顶点，然后，使用 Knife（切割）工具，创建空洞，然后沿着Z轴挤出一点。使用挤压命令给碟子一点厚度，然后缩放，如下图。

In Object mode, set the shading to Smooth and enable Subsu***ce. Model some extra objects to make the scene more realistic, such as a coffee spoon, some chocolates or a cloth.
在物体模式打开shading选项的Smooth 并添加一个细分表面（Subsu***ce）修改器。创建一些小道具使场景看起来更真实，如一个咖啡勺，一些巧克力或布。

Step 3: Lighting
The lighting setup is very simple. Position two large emitter planes at the sides of the scene, one with an emission shader with warm light and the other with cold light (also make sure that one light is stronger than the other to have more realism).
灯光的设置非常简单。在场景的侧边是两个大的反光板，一个发出温暖的灯光，一个发出冷光（还有确保一个灯光亮于另一个灯光更有现实的意义）。
Use a small, front emitter plane to give highlights to the cup and saucer, and some diffuse planes on top to reflect and give diffuse light to the scene. In the World tab, set Strength to 0.
使用一个小的反光板给杯子和碟子产生高光，和一些漫反射平面来产生反射和给漫反射光给场景。在世界（World ）标签，设置Strength为0.

Step 4: Create Materials and Textures 创建材质和纹理
The next step is creating the materials and textures. You can download the textures that I've used here.
下一步是创建材质和纹理。您可以下载我在这里使用的纹理。

Select the cup, jump into Edit mode and unwrap the mesh. Then export the UV layout, open the PNG file with Inkscape and create a nice graphic.
选择杯子，进编辑模式并展开网格。然后导出UV布局贴图为PNG格式，使用Inkscape 打开PNG 文件并创建一个漂亮的图形。

For the material of the cup (and saucer), use a glossy shader mixed with a diffuse (90% diffuse, 10% glossy).
给杯子（碟子）的材质使用混合着色器（mixed）连接光滑着色器（glossy shader）和漫反射着色器（diffuse）(90% diffuse, 10% glossy)。

Unwrap the coffee mesh, export the layout and then open the file with Gimp. Now use the photos you took earlier of the espresso as the texture. The coffee material should be glossy mixed with diffuse. The material of the spoon is a glossy shader. The chocolate material is a diffuse shader mixed with a subsu***ce scattering shader.
展开咖啡网格，导出布局并使用Gimp打开文件。现在使用你早前获得咖啡纹理。咖啡材质应该是使用混合着色器（mixed）连接光滑着色器（glossy shader）和漫反射着色器（diffuse）。咖啡匙的材质是光滑着色器（glossy shader）。巧克力的材质是漫反射着色器（diffuse）混合次表面散射着色器（subsu***ce scattering shader）。

Step 5: Render and Post-production 渲染和后期制作
Select the Cycles render engine. In the camera setting enable Depth of Field (Radius set to 0,05 and Blades to 5)
选择Cycles渲染引擎。在相机设置激活景深（Depth of Field ）（Radius设置为0.05，Blades为5）
In the Render layer tab, turn on Glossy Direct and the AO channel, then set Render Samples to 1000, enable Transparent and hit F12. Save the images as PNGs with an alpha channel.
在渲染层选项卡，激活Glossy Direct 和AO channel，然后设置渲染采样（Render Samples）到1000.激活Transparent 并按F12，
保存带有通道的PNG图像。
Open the composite image with Gimp, and adjust the levels and curves. Then add a new layer with glossy direct image and AO, and set the blending mode to Addition. Search for a picture of smoke with a black background and add this to the coffee as new layer. Add a dark background and now, the coffee is ready!
使用Gimp打开合成的图像，调整 levels和曲线。然后使用glossy direct图像和AO图像添加一个新层，设置混合模式为相加。搜索带黑色背景的烟的图片，并作为新层添加到咖啡。现在添加一个黑色背景，完成了咖啡！

Top Tip 1: Improve Reflections 导入反射
Realistic reflections are difficult to obtain if there is nothing to reflect in the scene. If you have HDRI files, then use them to make the scene more realistic. Otherwise you can use a simple photo applied on a plane around the cup and saucer
如果有什么反射在场景是很难获得现实的反射。如果你有HDRI文件，然后用它们来使场景更加逼真。否则，你可以使用一个简单的照片应用
应用给杯子和碟子的周围平面。